4 articles
What a vial actually contains, what a certificate of analysis proves, and what it cannot.
Regulator seizures and laboratory analysis of falsified and grey-market peptide vials keep finding the same three failures: the wrong drug, the wrong amount, and no evidence at all about sterility.
A 99 percent purity figure counts peptide against peptide. Counterion, water and salt sit outside that calculation entirely, and on a small peptide they can be two fifths of the mass.
A certificate of analysis reports identity and purity for one sample on one day. Here is what those numbers measure, what the document leaves out, and what it can never establish.
Research Use Only is a disclaimer written to protect the seller's position on intended use. It is not a quality grade, not a manufacturing standard, and not a permission granted to the buyer.